Certain types of treatment before your transplant or complications that happen after transplant can sometimes increase your risk of heart problems. So what can you do now? Dr. Saro Armenian explains some of the signs and symptoms you should be looking for, the questions you should be asking your doctor, and what you can do now to improve your heart health.
Q: What effect does my treatment before transplant have on my heart?
The treatment you received before your transplant has just as much of an effect on your heart as the transplant itself. Treatments before your transplant that increase your risk of heart problems include: chemotherapy with a group of drugs called anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunomycin, idarubicin, epirubicin) or past treatment with radiation involving the chest wall.
It is very important that you know the types of chemotherapy or radiation you received. Most transplant centers can give you a summary of your treatment history. This is a good way for you and your doctor to talk about any long-term effects that your treatment may have on your heart health.
Q: Could my personal or family health history have an impact on my heart health?
As a transplant recipient, risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, and abnormal cholesterol (that shows up after transplant) can also increase your risk of heart disease. These risk factors, combined with transplant-related treatment, can put you at a greater risk for heart issues. You should tell your health care team if there is a family history of cardiovascular disease such as heart attacks, strokes, or heart failure.
Q: What are signs and symptoms of heart problems?
Symptoms of heart problems for transplant recipients are the same as the rest of the population. Symptoms include, but are not limited to: shortness of breath, dizziness, lightheadedness or near-fainting, chest pain, swollen ankles or feet, unexplained cough and wheezing that will not improve with time, periods of heart racing or throbbing, or periods of irregular heartbeat.
Let your healthcare team know any time you have any of these symptoms or if you’re worried about your heart health.
You may not have obvious symptoms, but abnormalities can show up on routine tests, like an echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart), EKG, or blood tests.
Q: If I have any of the symptoms mentioned, what heart problems could I have?
Blocked or scarred blood vessels of the heart (coronary artery disease), weakening of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy or heart failure), irregular heart rate or rhythms (arrhythmias), problems with the valves within the heart (valvular problems), or scarring of the sac around the heart (pericardial disease), are all things to watch for. These health conditions are often life threatening and are one of the leading causes of death in long-term survivors of transplant.
Also, GVHD medications such as cyclosporinesteroids, and other groups of medications increase the likelihood for premature heart disease.
Q: What tests should I have to find out if I have any issues?
A good starting point is making sure your doctor has a detailed history of your health, including symptoms, family history and medications you’ve taken. Also, you’ll want to get a physical exam that checks blood pressure, heart rate, and your heart and lungs. Lastly, some doctors may want to do follow-up tests such as x-rays, echocardiograms or an EKG.
Editor’s note: Post-transplant guidelines from Be The Match® provide screening and preventative steps for transplant recipients. For your heart, the guidelines recommend:
- Checking for heart and blood vessel risk factors, such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, history of smoking
- Discussing a “heart healthy” lifestyle (regular exercise, healthy weight, no smoking, dietary counseling)
- Receiving early treatment of risk factors such as diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol
- Find out if you need to take antibiotics before a dental procedure to prevent a bacterial infection.
Q: Are young transplant recipients also at risk for heart issues?
Yes. Because transplant recipients are at a higher risk of developing heart disease than the general population, it can also occur at a much younger age. The process of developing heart issues can increase because you had pre-transplant treatment and may have other risk factors.
The good news is that younger patients who take charge of their health can really reduce their risk with lifestyle changes and medication.
Q: How can I keep my heart healthy as a transplant recipient?
You can cut down your risk of heart problems by not smoking (or quitting if you currently smoke), maintaining a healthy body weight, limiting fat in your diet to no more than 30% of calories, and exercising regularly for at least 30 minutes on most days of the week.
If you have heart risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, or abnormal cholesterol, make sure your primary care doctor keeps an eye on your blood pressure, blood sugars and cholesterol levels.
Q: What are ways I can be proactive about my heart health?
It’s a good idea to maintain regular contact with your healthcare team, so that you can have routine screening for early heart disease. By finding any issues early, you can minimize the risk of life threatening heart problems.